THE AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK, by Noah Webster (Wilmington: Bonsal & Niles, 1800?)
[frontispiece missing] ----- [page image] [title page]THE AMERICAN Spelling Book. CONTAINING AN EASY STANDARD of PRONUNCIATION. BEING THE FIRST PART OF A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE OF THE E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E. TO WHICH IS ADDED An APPENDIX containing a MORAL CATECHISM, and a FEDERAL CATECHISM. ------+------ By NOAH WEBSTER, JUN. E[SQ.] AUTHOR OF "DISSERTATION ON THE [] "COLLECT[] [Wilmington: Bonsal & Niles, 1800?] ----- [page image] [dedication]TO THE REV. EZRA STILES, S. T. D. PRESIDENT OF YALE COLLEGE A N D PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, THIS FIRST PART O F A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE OF THE E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E, Is, with Permission, MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED As a Testimony of the Author's Veneration, FOR THE [SUP]ERIOR TALENTS, PIETY AND PATRIOTISM, Which enabled him to preside over that [SEAT] OF LITERATURE [WITH DISTINGUISHED REPUTATION, Which render him an ornament to the CHRISTIAN PROFESSION, And give him an eminent rank among the illustrious characters THAT ADORN THE REVOLUTION.] ----- [p. v] RECOMMENDATIONS. HAVING examined the first part of the new Grammatical Insitute of the English Language, published by Mr. Noah Webster we are of opinion, that it is far preferable, in the plan and execution, to Dilworth's or any other Spelling Book, which has been introduced into [o]ur schools. In these the entire omission of the rules of pronunciation is a capital defect, which very few of the parents, schoolmasters or mistresses, employed in teaching children the first rudiments have sufficient knowledge to supply. The usual method of throwing together, in the same tables, and without any mark of distinction, words in which the same letters are differently pronounced, and the received rules of dividing syllables, which are wholly arbitrary, and often unnatural, seem calculated to puzzle the learner, and mislead the instructor into a vicious pronunciations. These defects and mistakes are judiciously supplied in the present work, and the various additions are made with such propriety, that we judge this new Spelling Book will be extremely beneficial for the use of schools. Subscribed by the following Gentlemen. The Hon. Oliver Wolcott, Esq. Rev. Samuel Hopkins, Lieut. Gov. of Connecticut, Col. Samuel Wyllys, Rev. Ezra Stiles, S. T. D. Ralp Pomeroy, Esq. [sic] President of Yale College, John Trumbull, Esq. Rev. Elizur Goodrich, D. D. Rev. Timothy Dwight, D. D. Rev. Patrick Allison, D. D. Rev. Eliphalet Steele, Hon. Steph. M. Mitchel, Esq. Rev. Nathan Strong, Col. George Syllys, Secretary Rev. Nathan Perkins, of State, Rev. Joseph Buckminster, Col. Thomas Seymour, Mayor Mr. Andrew Law, of the City of Hartford, Daniel Lyman, Esq. Gen. Samuel H. Parsons, Chauncy Goodrich, Esq. Hon. John Treadwell, Esq. Joel Barlow, Esq. ------- Extract of a letter from Dr. Joseph Willard, President of the University at Cambridge, to the author, dated Feb. 2, 1784. SIR, I RECEIVED, some time ago, three copies of your Grammatical institute of the English Language. I have perused it myself, and put into the hands of several friends for their perusal. We all concur in the opinion, that it is much superior to Mr. Dilworth's New Guide, and that it may be very useful in Schools. I wish you success, sir[,] in every endeavour to advance useful knowledge, and hope, in a particular manner, that your exertions to promote an accurate acquaintance with the English Language among our youth, will be attended with the greatest advantage. I am Sir, your humble servant. JOSEPH WILLARD. //A 2// ----- [page image] p. vi Copy of a letter from Tapping Reeve, Esq. formerly one of the Masters of the College at Princetown, to John Canfield, Esq. dated Litchfield, October 12, 1782. SIR, MR. Webster, has shewn me a plan of a new English Spelling Book and Grammar; informing me that you wish to know my opinion respecting it. I have perused it sufficiently to form an opinion of the general plan; it appears to be well conceived and judiciously executed, and I apprehend would better answer the purposes of its design than any thing I have hitherto seen. I think it well deserves the attention of the public: for, what is no little importance, the general use of it will go very far towards demolishing all the odious distinctions occasioned by provincial dialects. Yours, &c. TAPPING REEVE. ---------- Extract of a letter from Mr. Benjamin West, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, to the Author, dated Providence, September 11, 1784. SIR, WITH great pleasure and satisfaction I have perused your Grammatical Institute of the English Language, and think it the best plan for the instruction of youth of any that has yet been published. You may depend on it, Sir, I shall do all in my power to encourage the sale of it; and if you think my name will be of any weight, you are welcome to make use of it. I am, Sir, with the greatest sincerity, your most obedient humble servant, BENJAMIN WEST. ---------- College at Providence, April 14, 1785. HAVING examined Mr. Webster's Grammatical Institute we embrace this opportunity to express our approbation of a work of so much use and merit. We think he deserves the thanks of all his Countrymen, who wish to speak or write the English Language properly. STEPHEN HOPKINS, Chancellor. JAMES MANNING, President. ASHUR ROBBINS, Tutor. ---------- PERSPICUITY, correctness and precision, should as much as possible, attend every branch of instruction: These are peculiarly necessary in its introductory elements. On perusing this first part of a Grammatical institute, it is with pleasure we find the powers of our alphabet judiciously ascertained; the spelling methodized more happily than is usual in books of this sort; the rules concise, explicit, and exceedingly well adapted to their end. ----- p. vii Any Spelling Book, we are sensible, may be used to advantage in the hands of a teacher who is himself a good judge of pronunciation; but it is the peculiar excellence of this, that, wherever it is adopted, the teacher, however deficient at present in that necessary accomplishment, cannot remain so. It may be observed, indeed, that in some instances the author, confiding in his own sense of propriety, has ventured to depart from that pronunciation which has been generally received.* How far the public will approve of the deviations from former practice, we do not undertake to determine. However, they are but few, and in themselves not very considerable. In all events we can safely recommend this little book as a performance of special merit. SAM. MAGAW, Vice Provost of the University of Pennsylvania. JOHN ANDREWS, Principal of the July 20, 1787, Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. ======= MR. Webster's Spelling Book, for the use of Children in the rudiments of the English Language, is, in my opinion, the best that has yet been published. ANDREW BROWN. Young Ladies Academy, in the City of Phila. July 21, 1787. ======= New-York, July 4, 1788. THE Committee of the Philological Society appointed to examine the first part of Mr. Webster's Grammatical Institute of the English Language, beg leave to report to the Society, that they approve of the plan and execution of the work, and recommend it to the use of schools in the United States, as an accurate well digested system of principles and rules, calculated to destroy the various false dialects in pronunciation in the several States, an object very desirable in a federal republic. In Society. Resolved, That the Society do accept the foregoing report. Test. JOSIAH O. HOFFMAN, President. * In the author's dissertations, the contrary is proved. ----- [page image] [p. viii] ==================== PREFACE. ========== THE design of this Grammatical institute is to furnish schools in this country with an easy, accurate and comprehensive system of rules and lessons for teaching the English language. To frame a complete system upon such an extensive plan, it was judged requisite to compile a small cheap volume for the use of beginners, containing words methodically arranged, sufficient to give the learner a just idea of spelling.* Among the defects and absurdities found in the books of this kind hitherto used, we may rank the want of a thorough investigation of the sounds in the English language, and the powers of the several letters--the promiscuous arrangement of words in the same table, in which the same letters have several different sounds--the unnatural and arbitrary method of dividing syllables, which separates letters from the syllables where they belong, supplying the defect by artificial marks, and which, in several hundred words, makes more syllables than are pronounced--and particularly the omission of a criterion by which the various sounds of the vowels may be distinguished. In attempting to correct these faults, it was necessary to begin with the elements of the language, and explain the powers of the letters. With regard to some of them, the opinions of Grammarians are divided; but perhaps the definitions given in the analysis, of the terms vowel, diphthong, and consonant, will establish an almost infallible rule for the decision of every question respecting the alphabet. The Index or Key to the pronunciation of the vowels and diphthongs, appears to me sufficiently plain, and so accurate as to prevent every material error. A more accurate plan may be formed; but it must be too intricate to be useful in common schools. * It appears to me a great misapplication of money, to put a large book, and especially a grammar, into the hands of children who are learning the letters. ----- p. ix In adapting the first tables to the capacities of children, and the progress of knowledge in the tender mind, particular care has been taken to begin with easy words, and proceed gradually through every class to those that are most irregular and difficult. Most monosyllables of general use are collected in the following work, except such as end in e, and have the preceding vowel long; or such as end in a consonant, and have the preceding vowel short; and a few in ee, in either of which cases, the bare mention of the letters is sufficient to lead the learner to a just pronunciation. In the tables of polysyllables, most or all the anomalous words of common use are collected; terms of art, which belong to particular professions are omitted. In order to comprise the greatest possible number of words in a small compass, compound and derivative words are generally omitted; as they usually follow the rules of their primitives. The syllables of words are divided as they are pronounced, and for this obvious reason, that children learn the language by the ear. Rules are of no consequence but to printers and adults. In Spelling Books they embarrass children, and double the labour of the teacher. The whole design of dividing words into syllables at all, is to lead the pupil to the true pronunciation: and the easiest method to effect this purpose will forever be the best. Reason might teach this truth; but experience places the matter beyond a controversy:-- The teachers who have used the former editions of this work, have unanimously declared, that children learn to spell and pronounce with more ease and exactness, and give much less trouble to the matter, than they did in the use of Di[l]worth's New Guide, or other Spelling Books framed on the same plan. As the orthography of our language is not yet settled with precision, I have in this particular generally followed the most approved authors of the last and present century. In some classes of words the spelling of Ash is preferred to that of Johnson, which is less correct. The names of places peculiar to America are not all spelt as in former books; but it is expected this licence will be excused, as it renders the spelling more agreeable to the pronunciation. The spelling of such words as publick, favour, neighbour, bead, prove, phlegm, his, give, debt, rough, well, instead of the more natural and easy method, public, favor, nabor, bed, proov, flem, hiz, giv, det, ruf, wel, has the plea of antiquity in its favour; and yet I am convinced that common sense and convenience will sooner or later get the better of the present absurd practice. But when we give new names to places, rivers, &c[.] or express Indian sounds by English letters, the orthography should coincide exactly with the true pronunciation. To retain old difficulties may be absurd; but to ----- [page image] p. x create them without he least occasion, is folly in the extreme. It is the work of years to learn the present spelling of our language-- a work which, with a correct orthography, might be performed in a few months. The advantage of familiarizing children to the spelling and pronunciation of American names is very obvious, and must give this work the preference to foreign Spelling Books. It is of great importance to give our youth early and correct information respecting the geography of this country. We have a multitutde of books which give us the state of other countries, but scarcely one which affords us any account of our own.* An explanation of the names and geographical terms in this part of the Institute, are given in the third part. The necessity and probable utility of the plan will best appear by examining the execution. Such material alterations of the old system of education will undoubtedly alarm the rigid friends of antiquity; but in vindication of the work, the author assures the public, that it has the approbation and patronage of many of the principal literary characters in America, and that it is framed upon a plan similar to those of the best Lexicographers and Grammarians in the British nation. To diffuse an uniformity and purity of language in America--to destroy the provincial prejudices that originate in the trifling differences of dialect, and produce reciprocal ridicule--to promote the interest, literature and the harmony of the United States--is the most ardent wish of the author; and it is his highest ambition to deserve the approbation and encouragement of his countrymen. * Mr. Morse's Geography has supplied this defect. ----- [p. 11] =============== THE AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK. ---+--- ANALYSIS OF SOUNDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. IN the English alphabet there are twenty five single characters, that stand as representatives of certain sounds. A, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. H is not a mark of sound; but it qualifies or gives form to a succeeding sound.* In order to understand these letters, or rather the sounds they represent, it is necessary to decline the meaning of the words vowel, diphthong and consonant. A vowel is a simple articulate sound. A simple sound is formed by opening the mouth in a certain manner, without any contact of the parts of it. Whenever a sound can be begun and completed with the same positions of the organs, it is a simple sound. A diphthong is a union of two simple sounds, pronounced at one breath. To form a diphthong, there are necessarily required two different positions of the organs of speech. A consonant, or, as it is called by the ancients, a close-letter, forms no distinct articulate sound of itself. In pronouncing most of the English consonants, there is required a contact of the parts of the mouth, and the union of a vowel; though some of the consonants form imperfect syllables of themselves.] According to these definitions, let us examine the letters of the English alphabet. The letters a, e, o, are vowels. With the same position of the organs, with which we begin the sound of these letters, the sounds may be prolonged at pleasure: they are therefore simple sounds or vowels. The letters i and y are either vowels, diphthongs or consonants. They are both characters for the same sound, in different words, and different situations. In the words die, defy, they are the same * It is however, questioned by some critics, whether h may not be ranked among the gutteral letters. † This is the case with the semi-vowels in the words feeble, baptism, and with almost all terminations in e. ----- [page image] p. 12 diphthong; we begin the sound with nearly the same position of the organs, as we do broad a, though not quite the same; but not being able to continue that sound, we run into e, and there close the sound. Two different positions of the organs are required; consequently two different sounds are formed,w hich being closely united in the pronunciation, are denominated a diphthong.* In the words sight, pit, glory, Egypt, i and y are vowels. The sound of i in sight, would run into e, and so form a diphthong, if it were not prevented by the following consonant. But the short sound of i and y, as in pit, and glory, is always a simple sound. In the words valiant, youth, i and y have a liquid sound, which is formed by a contact of the tongue and upper part of the mouth, and certainly deserves a place among the consonants. U is a vowel or a diphthong. Its short sound, as in the word tun, is a vowel; its long sound in truth, is a vowel; its long sound when it closes a syllable, as in due, is a diphthong, composed of its simple sound in truth, and the sound of oo. In a few words i answers the purpose of the consonant y before u, as in union, unanimity, which are pronounced yunion, yunanimity. W is a vowel; its sound being nearly the same as oo short, in root. Before another vowel it is used to form a diphtong; as in will, dwell, which are pronounced ooill, dooell. Some authors content that it is a consonant; but according to the foregoing definitions, it is rather a vowel.† As these characters have different powers, so there are other vowels expressed by the same characters. The sound of a in hall, which is called broad a is a distinct vowel: in father, huzza, it is another; o in move, is another: and the short u is also a distinct vowel. Several of the vowels have a short sound or quantity and what is very singular, the short and long sounds are in most instances represented by different characters. Thus, * This has been sometimes called a double vowel, which is, in strict propriety, absurd; for if a vowel is a simple sound, then a double vowel must be a double simple sound. Nor can we pronounce a compound sound; for in all diphthong sounds we pronounce one simple sound first, then the others, and each distinctly. The definition of a diphthong given appears to me accurate. † I am not strenuous in this opinion; it approaches so near a consonant that it can hardly be distinguished from one. ----- p. 13 {a in late makes short e in let. {e in feet makes short i in fit. {o in pool makes short u in pull. { Long { {o in holly, or {a in hall makes short {a in wallow. { {a in father makes a short in fathom. {o in hone makes o short in home. The short sounds of the four first are almost always represented by other characters, as may be observed in the examples. That e in let i[s] the same vowel as a in late, as demonstrable by this consideration, that no more than one articulate sound can be formed by the same position of the organs of speech. The only difference in the sound that can be made by the same configuration of the parts of the mouth is to prolong or shorten the same sound. According to this principle we observe that late and let being pronounced with the same apperture of the mouth, and with the same disposition of the organs, as nearly as the consonant t will permit, must contain the same vowel. The same rule will apply to the other examples. Al the long and short simple sounds in English are found in the following words: Long. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 a a a e i o o u late, ask, hall, here, sight, note, move, truth. Short. 2 1 4 9 7 3 a e i u u o or a hat, let, fit, but, bush, not, or what. By these it appears that all the vowels, except the 5th, 6th, 8th, and 9th, have duplicates--that those vowels that are placed under the same figure, are only different qualities of the same sound-- and that deducting the five duplicates, there remain nine distinct simple sounds or vowels.* According to the foregoing theory of sounds, oi, oy, ou, and ow, are diphthongs. The two former are different combinations for the same sound, which is always composed of broad a and long e. The two latter are also representatives of the same sound, which is composed of a sound peculiar to itself, and athat of oo. Examples of the former we have in the words, voice, joy; of the latter in loud. * I and u are vowels only when followed by consonants. The proper vowels are seven. //B// ----- [page image] p. 14 The other diphthongs in the language are attended with no difficulty, as a just pronunciation of them naturally results from the customary sounds of the letters that compose them. The consonants are divided into mutes and semivowels. The mutes are b, d, g, k, p, t. In pronouncing these syllables, eb, ed, eg, ek, ep, et, especially the three last, which are perfectly mute, the voice is wholly intercepted by the consonant. But in pronouncing the semivowels, f, l, m, n, r, f, v, s, in the syllables ef, el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez, we may observe a voice is not wholly intercepted at once, but the sound of the consonant is prolonged. Besides these there are five consonants, which for want of single characters we express by double letters; sh in shall; th in think; th in thou; s in delusion, and ng in sing. These are all simple consonants and semivowels. It would be well if they were called by the names, esh, eth, zh, ing[.] H is not a mark of sound, but only of a strong aspiration or emission of breath. C is totally superfluous; being always sounded like k or s. Q is always followed by u, and is the same as k. J is a mark of the sounds dzh. X is always sounded like ks, gz, or z. The consonants therefore will stand thus: Mutes; eb, ed, eg, ek, ep, et. Semivowels; ef, el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez, eth, esh, ezh, ing. The sounds of our vowels are so exceedingly capricious and irregular, particularly in monosyllables, that they are hardly reducible to rules; for which reason the learner is referred to the tables for his knowledge of them. A few general rules respecting the consonants will be advantageous. B has one invariable sound, as in bird; before t and after m, it is silent, as in doubt, dumb; as also in subtle. C before a, o, u, sounds like k; before e, i, y, like s. ca ce ci co cu cy Thus ka se si ko ku sy It is useless when followed by k in the same syllable, as in stick. It is always hard like k in the end of words, as in public, pronounced publick. It sounds like sh in the terminations ceous, cious, cial; as in cetacious, gracious, social, pronounced cetashus, grashus, soshal. It is sometimes silent, as in indict. D has always the same sound, as in rod. It is sometimes silent, as in handkerchief. F has always its own sound, as in offer; except in the word of, where it sounds like v, ov. ----- p. 15 G has two sounds: one as in go, the other like j, as in gentle. It has its first or hard sound before a, o, u; in general its second or soft sound before e and y, and is either hard or soft before i. See Table 35. It is very frequently silent, 1st, before m, as in phlegm; 2dly, before n, as in sign; 3dly, before h, as in sight, except when gh sounds like f, in laugh. H is a mark of strong breathing, but is silent in heri, hour, honest, honour, and their derivative. J is the mark of a compound sound, which is always the same, viz. that of dzh or soft g, as in joy. It is never silent. K has but one sound, as in king. When it precedes n it is always silent, as in know; and when united with c at the end of words either c or k is superfluous, as in flick. L has only one sound as in lame, and is sometimes silent, as in salmon, walk. M has but one sound, as in man, and is never silent. N is also uniform in its sound, but is always silent after m, in the same syllable, as in hymn. P has but one uniform sound as in pit; and is silent between m and t, as in contempt, sumptuary. Q has the power of k, and is always followed by u. In some words of French original it terminates the syllable, as in pique, oblique, burlesque, where ue are not sounded. It is never silent. R has always the same sound as in barrel, and is never silent. S has four sounds; that of soft c in so; of z, as in rise; of sh, as in mission; of zh, as in osier, brasier. But these sounds can hardly be reduced to general rules. It is silent in siel, island. Its various sounds may be found in the 26th and 28th Tables. T has its own proper sound, as in turn, at the beginning of words and end of syllables. It has the sound of sh in all terminations in tion and tial; as nation, nuptial, except when preceded by a t or x when it sounds like ch, as in question, mixtion. V has always the same sound as in voice, and is never silent. X has two compound sounds, viz. those of ks, and gz. When followed by an accented syllable beginning with a vowel, it has the sound of gz, as in exist, example. See table 39. In almost every other situation it has the sound of ks as in vex, exercise, exculpate. In the beginning of some Greek names it sounds like z, as Xerxes, Xenocrates, Xenophon. Z has two sounds; its proper sound, as in zeal; and taht of zh, as in azure. Its place is commonly usurped by an s, as in wisdom, reason. ----- [page image] p. 16 Simple Consonants marked with double letters. Th has two sounds, aspirated and vocal. Aspirated in think, hath. Vocal in thou, that. For the different sounds of th, see the 12th and 32nd tables, where the words are collected and the sounds distinguished. Sh has but one sound, as in shall, and is never silent. But its sound is expressed by several other characters; by c in social; by t in notion; by s in passion. The French ch has precisely the same sound as sh in English, as in machine, chevalier. The sound of s in diffusion, occasion, &c. which is the French j is best represented by zh. For the words in which this sound occurs, see table 28. Ng form a simple sound, which at the end of words, is always uniform, as in sing, strong. When the word ends in e the g is soft like j, as in range. When a syllable is added, the sound of ng flows into the next syllable, as hang, hanger. Except long, strong, young, the derivatives of which are pronounced strong-er, young-er. Besides these we have several combinations of consonants, but one of which is pronounced; these Mr. Sheridan calls digraphs, that is double written. Sc before a, o, u and r, are pronounced like sk; as scale, scoff, sculptor, scribble; before e, i, y, like simple s, or soft c, as scene, science, scythe.* Sc before the several vowels is thus pronounced: sca sce sci sco scu scy ska se si sko sku sy Ch in words originally English sound like tsh; as in charm. In words derived from the Greek and Herbrew, and in technical terms, like k; as chorus; Melchisedeck. In words derived from the French, generally sh; as in chivalry; pronounced shivalry. See the 33d and 34th tables. Gh sound like f; as in laugh, or are silent; as in lights. This rule admits of no exception. Ph have invariably the sound of f, unless in Stephen, where the sound is that of v. N. B. The sounds of the vowels digraphs, such as ea, ei &c. can hardly be reduced to general rules, and it is rather unnecessary in this work, as most words where they occur are collected into the proper tables, where their sounds are distinguished. R U L E S, For placing the accent in words of more syllables than one, and for pronouncing certain terminations. Accent is a stress of voice on some word or letter of a word that * More accurately spelled sithe. ----- p. 17 distinguishes it from others. If it falls on a vowel, it renders it long as in glory; if it falls on a consonant, the preceding vowel is short; as in habit. Simple dissyllables are generally accended on the first syllable: But there are many exceptions that are not reducible to rules. In the following catalogue, the nouns are accented on the first, and the verbs on the last syllable. Nouns. Verbs. A or an ab’stract To abstract’ ac’cent accent’ af’fix affix’ cem’ent cement’ con’duct conduct’ con’cert concert’ con’fine confine’ con’sort consort’ con’test contest’ con’tract contract’ copn’vert convert’ con’verse converse’ con’vict convict’ col’lect collect’ con’voy convoy’ com’pound compound’ de’sert desert’ des’cant descant’ dis’count discount’ di’gest digest’ ex’port export’ ex’tract extract’ es’say essay’ fer’ment ferment’ fre’quent frequent’ im’port import’ in’cense incense’ in’sult insult’ ob’ject object’ //B [2]// ----- [page image] p. 18 Nouns. Verbs. A or an out’work To outwork’ pre’sent present’ pro’duce produce’ Pro’ject project’ reb’el rebel’ rec’ord record’ ref’use refuse’ sub’ject subject’ sur’vey survey’ tor’ment torment’ trans’fer transfer’ trans’port transport’ u’nite unite’ POLYSYLLABLES. The accent of Polysyllables is determined principally by the final syllable. TERMINATIONS. Words ending in ed, ing, ful, less, ness, est, ist, bly, ly, are generally derived, and have the accent of their primitives; as have most words in ble. Words ending in sive, sion, tion, always have the accent on the last syllable but one. Words ending in cal, sy [except defy] my, ty and fy, generally have the accent on the last syllable but two. [sic] In ic. Words ending in ic, are accented on the syllable immediately preceding that termination: as syllabic, republic. Exceptions--Choleric, tumeric, rhetoric, lunatic, splenetic, heretic, politic, arithmetic, are accented on the last syllable but two. In ed. Words ending in ed are the past tenses and participles of verbs; but the letter e is usually omitted in the pronunciation, and the d joined to the preceding syllable; as establish'd. But after t and d the syllable ed is necesarily pronounced; as bated, preceded. In ance. Words ending in ance generally have the accent on the last syllable tu two; as arrogance. Exception 1. When the primative [sic] has its accent on the last syllable, the ----- p. 19 derivative has it on the last but one; as, appearance. Exception 2. When ance is preceded by two consonants, the accent lies on the first of htem; as, discordance. When i precedes ance, it is sometimes taken into the last syllable, and pronounced like y; as valiance, pronounced valyance. But in nouns formed of verbs of verbs ending in y accended, y is changed into i, which retains the accent, and forms a distinct syllable; as compliance, from comply. In ence. Polysyllables in ence have the accent on the last syllable but two; as benevolence. Exception--1st. Words derived retain the accent of their primitives; as adherence, from adhere. 2 When two consonatns precede ence, the accent is on the first; as effulgence; except concupisence. When ence is preceded by ci, they are changed into the sound of sh, and have the accent; as deficiense, pronounced defishence. In cle. Trisyllables in cle have the accent on the first; as miracle, oracle. Words of more than thre syllables, have the accent farther back: as tabernacle; but recepticle, and perhaps conventicle, should be accented on the second syllable. In dle, fle, gle, kle, ple, tle. Most words that have these terminations are dissyllables, and have the accent on the letter immediately preceding the termination; as cradle, ruffle, eagle, buckle, turtle, &c. Other words have the accent on the first syllable; as principle, participle, &c. In ure. These either follow their primitives; as intermixture, from intermix; or are accened as far back as the third or fourth syllable; as literature, judicature. But legislature is accented on the first and third. In ate. The accent in these words is for the most part on the last syllable but two; as felicitate, hesitate. But when two consonants precede the last syllable, the accent is on the first of them; as consummate. In ive. This termination in words of more syllables than one, is always sounded iv; as motive, pronounced motiv. In tive. Words ending in tive have the accent on the last syllable but two, or farther back; as positive, communicative. ----- [page image] p. 20 But when two consonants precede ive, the first has the accent; as, attentive; except a substantive, which is accented on the first syllable. In ial. This termination is commonly pronounced in one syllable.-- When preceded by c or t its sound is the same as shal; as judicial, pronounced judishal. The accent of such words is on the last syllable but one. I cannot agree with Mr. Sheridan in accounting ial a syllable in all cases. It appears to me that in connubial, ministerial, &c. ial cannot be pronounced in one syllable without a violent exertion of the organs, and after our utmost efforts we are obliged to make a great distinction of syllables. And if ial be considered as forming two syllables unless preceded by c or t, the accent falls on the last but two. The words denial, decrial have the accent on i. In ian. This ending with c or t before it, is pronounced shan: as magician, tertian; except an s precedes t, when the last syllable is pronounced chan, as christian, fustian; and the accent is on the last syllable but one. But the terminating syllable gian is pronounced ;jan; as, collegian.* With other letters it forms two syllables, and the accent is on the last syllable but two; as librarian. In en. This termination is very often contracted, by omitting e and joining n to the former syllable; as heav'n. But e ought not to be apostrophised either in poetry or prose. The accent is usually on the first syllable. In ion. This termination is usually but one syllable, and pronounced yun; as million, opinion. See table 31. When this is the case, the accent is on the syllable immediately preceding ion.-- When two or more consonatns precede ion, the first has the accent as quaternion. In sion. This termination is always pronounced ahun; except another consonant precedes it, when it sounds shun. See tables 26 and 28. In tion. This termination is invariably pronounced shun; as notion; except when preceded by s or x, when it is pronounced chun; as dijestion, commixtion. * It is said that dian is pronounced in the same manner as comedian, pronounced comejan. If so, how shall we pronounce trajedian? ----- p. 21 In eer and ier. All polysyllables in eer have the accent on the last syllable and all in ier, pronounced in one syllable; as domineer, cavalier, ier being pronounced as eer. In er. Words ending in er, being for the most part derived, follow their primatives [sic] in their accents; as politer for polite. In polysyllables not derived, the accent is generally on the last syllable but two; as astronomer. But this rule has exceptions. In or. When or is preceded by the vowel i, they form a syllable, which is pronounced yur; as senior. See table 31. In ous. This termination is always sounded us. When preceded by ce, ci or ti, it forms the syllable shus; as segacious, cetatious, sententious, pronounced segashus, cetashus, sentenshus. When the vowel i, and a consonant precede the terminations eous and ious, the accent is on the letter immediately preceding the consonant that is taken into the last syllable; as tenacious. But when ous is preceded by other letters, the accent is on the last syllable but two; as voluminous; except two consonants precede the last syllable, when the accent falls on the first of them; as tremendous. In ant. Polysyllables in ant have the accent on the last syllable but two; as extravagant; except when two consonants meet in the middle; as trumphant. But protestant is accented on the first: confidant, complaisant, have the accent on the last; as also Levant, a gallant; and compound words of two syllables; as recant. In ent. Words terminating in ent preceded by any consonant except m have the accent on the last syllable but one; as dependent.-- But words ending in ment, being gnerally formed from verbs, retain the accent of their primitives; as confinement from confine. When the vowel i precedes ment, the accent is on the last syllable but two; as compliment. When ent is preceded by ti, and ci, it forms with them the syllable shent; ancient, consentien, pronounced anshent, consenshent. Words in lent are accented on the last syllable but two, as benevolent; except when l is double; as repellent; and to this also excellent is an exception, being accented on the first. All words in ment not derived, have the accent on the last syllable but two; as testament. ----- [page image] p. 22 In ay. Compound words of two syllables have the accent on the last; as delay, holiday. In cy. Words in cy are usually nouns derived from verbs, nouns or adjectives, and retain the accent of their primitives; as intimacy, from intimate. In words not derived, the accent is back on the third or fourth syllable; as democracy, necromancy. Polysyllables in gy. These are also accented on the last syllable but two; as prodigy, chronolgy. In this termination g is soft unless preceded by another g; as foggy, when it is hard. In ny. Trisyllables ending in ny are accented on the first; as calumny. Polysyllables on the first; as matrimony; except anemony, hexagony, cosmogony, monotony, &c. which have the accent on the letter immediately preceding on. In ry. Trisyllables in ry have the accent on the last but two; as diary; polysyllables on the last but three: as epistolary. But carravansary, dispensary, aniversary, [sic] testamentary, parliamentary, are accented on the last but two. Adversary, commentary, momentary, voluntary, on the first. In words of four syllables, with the half accent on the last but one, the termination ary is sounded erry; thus monentary is pronounced momenterry. In ery. These have generally the accent on the last syllable but two; except deletery, monastery, baptistery, where it is on the first. Ery is always sounded erry. Terminations of the plural number, and of Verbs. In es. When es form a distinct syllable, as is always the case after sh, ch, x, s, c, g and z, it is pronounced iz; as brushes, churches, boxes, houses, places, sages, freezes; pronounced brushiz, churchiz, boxiz, housiz, placiz, sagiz, freeziz. But if es follow other letters e is silent, and s sounds like c or z. S sounds like c after the following letters: f, as in stuffs, t, as in shuts. k, as in packs. 1 p, as in hopes. th, as in truths. And if e precedes s, it alters not the sound of s; as hopes, where e is silent. ----- p. 2[3] S sounds like z, after the following letters: b, as in robs, pronounced robz d, as in beds bedz g, as in rags ragz l, as in seals sealz m, as in trims trimz n, as in wins winz r, as in wars warz v, as in leaves leavez th, as in tithes tithz ng, as in songs songz. And if e precedes a, it alters not the sound, as is observable in the word leaves, for e is silent. ay, as in delays, pronounced delaze oe, as in foes foze ue, as in glues gluze ow, as in glows gloze ow, as in vows vowze ew, as in screws scruze aw, as in laws lawz ay, as in prays praze oy, as in boys boyz The termination ies unaccented is invariably pronounced iz; thus, glories, vanities, varies, are pronounced gloriz, vanitiz, variz. If the termination is accented, or if it is a monosyllable, it is pronounced ize, the accent falling on i; thus, denies, complies, dies, are pronounced denize, complize, dize. Half Accent When the full accent is on the first syllable, there is generally a half accent on the third. When the full accent is on the second, the half accent is on the fourth. It is a general rule that every third syllable has some degree of accent, and in few or no words are there more than two succeding syllables unaccented. ----- [page image] p. 24 I N D E X O R K E Y. Long. | Oo proper. 1 1 1 | 6 6 6 a name, late | o or oo move, room e or ee here, feet | Oo short. i time, find | 7 7 7 o note, fort | oo books flood u or ew tune, new | u bush full y dry, defy | Short u. Short. | 9 9 9 2 2 2 | i sir bird a man, hat | o come love c men, let | e her i pit, pin | Long a. u tun, but | 10 10 10 y glory, Egypt | e there vein Broad a or aw. | Long e. 3 3 3 | 11 a bald tall | i fatigue pique o cost fought | oi} aw law | oy} diphthong; voice, joy Flat a. | ou} 4 4 4 | ow} Diphthong; loud, now a ask part | Short aw. | 5 5 5 | a what was | o not from | Explanation of the above Index. A figure stands as the invariable representative of a certain sound. The figure 1, represents the long sound of the letters a, e, i, o, u, or ew, and y; number 2, the short sound of the same characters; number 3, marks the sound of broad a, as in hall; number 4, represents the sound of a, as in not, what; number 6, represents the sound of o in move, commonly expressed by oo; number 7, represents the short sound of oo in root, bush; number 9, represents the sound of u short, made by e, i, and o, as in her, bird, come, pronounced hur, burd, cum; number 10 represents the first sound of a, made by e, as in their, vein, pronounced thare, wone; number 11, represents the French sound of i, which is the same as e long. See table 34th. The sounds of the diphthongs oi and ou are not represented by figures; they have one invariable sound, and are placed before ----- p. 25 the words where they occur in the tables. Silent letters are printed in Italic characters. Thus in head, goal, build, people, dumb, sight, the Italic letters have no sound. S, when printed in Italic is not silent, but pronounced like z as in devise pronounced devize. The letter e at the end of words of more syllables than one, is almost always silent; but serves often to lengthen a foregoing vowel as in bid bide; to soften c as in notice, or to soften g, as in homage; or to change the sound of th from the first to the second, as in bath, bathe. In the following work, when e final lengthens the foregoing vowel, that is, gives it its firs sound, it is printed in a Roman character, as in fate; but in all other cases it is printed in Italic. Ch have the English sound as in charm; except in the 33d and 34th tables. The sounds of th in this and thou, are all distinguished in the 12th and 32d tables; except in numerical adjectives. See the 51st table. The sound of aw is invariably that of broad a, and that of ew nearly the same as u long. N. B. Although one character is sufficient to express a simple sound, yet the combinations ee, aw, ew, oo, are so well known to express certain sounds, that it was judged best to print both letters in Roman Characters. Ck and ss are also printed in Roman characters, though one alone would be sufficient to express the sound. S Y L L A B L E S. A syllable is one letter, or so many letters as can be pronounced at one impulse of the voice; as, a, hand. Spelling is the art of dividing words into their proper syllables, in order to find their true pronunciation. GENERAL RULES. The best way of dividing words for children, is to divide them so as naturally to lead the learner into a right pronunciation.* Monosyllables are words of one syllable. Dissyllables are words of two syllables. Trissyllables are words of three syllables. Polysyllables are words of many syllables. Accent is the force or stress of voice that is laid upon any letter * This is Dr. Lowth's idea of spelling, and the sentiments of several literary gentlemen in America, upon whose authority I have ventured to reject all particular rules, and to divide the syllables as nearly as possible as the words are pronounced. //C// ----- [page image] p. 26 of a word; as de-liv-er, where the accent is on the letter v of the second syllable. Emphasis is a stronger force or percussion of the voice laid upon some significant words in a sentence. Accent regards some particular syllable or letter of a word; emphasis regards some particular words of a sentence. Cadence is a lower or weaker expression of the voice at the close of a sentence. Quantity is the time of pronouncing a syllable. The unaccented syllables of words are pronounced in half the time of the long accent. When the accent falls on a vowel it is long, as in glo-ry, ho-ly. When the accent falls on a consonant, the vowel of that syllable is short, as in cred-it, clust-er. All the vowels in the unaccented syllables are short, as in fu-tu-ri-ty, where all the vowels except u in the second syllable, are short. U in the first syllable has indeed its first sound, but is short and weak. P. S. The author is very sensible that the preceding rules, &c. are not within the capacities of young beginners. Children of eight or ten years of age may undoubtedly be taught to understand and use them with advantage. But they are rather designed for the master than the scholar; for if all instructors pronounced words with correctness and uniformity, there would be little danger that their pupils would acquire vicious habits of pronunciation. Note, The name of the letter r, that is ar, has led the common people to pronounce mercy, service, &c. marcy, sarvice. To prevent this, it is named in this work er. ----- p. 27 THE ALPHABET. Roman Letters. | Italic. | Names of the Letters. a A | a A | a b B | b B | b c C | c C | ce d D | d D | de e E | e E | e f F | f F | ef g G | g G | ge h H | h H | aytch or he i I | i I | i j J | j J | ja k K | k K | ka l L | l L | el m M | m M | em n N | n N | en o O | o O | o p P | p P | pe q Q | q Q | cu r R | r R | er [long s] s S | [long s] s S | es t T | t T | te u U | u U | u v V | v V | ve w W | w W | double u x X | x X | eks y Y | y Y | wi or ye z Z | z Z | ze &* | & | and Double Letters. ct, ff, ffi, ffl, fi, ss, sk, sb, sh, si, sl, fl, ssi, st. * This is not a letter, but a character standing for and. Children should therefore be taught to call it and; not and per se. ----- [page image] p. 28 T A B L E I. LESSON I. | LESSON IV. ba be bi bo bu by | ag eg ig og ug ca ce* ci co cu cy* | am em im om um da de di do du dy | an en in on un fa fe fi fo fu fy | ap ep ip op up ka ke ki ko ku ky | as es is os us | av ev iv ov uv LESSON II. | ax ex ix ox ux ga ge gi go gu gy | ha he hi ho hu hy | LESSON V. ma me mi mo mu my | bla ble bli blo blu na ne ni no nu ny | cla cle cli clo clu ra re ri ro ru ry | pla ple pli plo plu ta te ti to tu ty | fla fle fli flo flu wa we wi wo wu wy | sha she shi sho shu | LESSON III. | LESSON VI. ab eb ib ob ub | bra bre bri bro bru ac ec ic oc uc | cra cre cri cro cru ad ed id od ud | pra pre pri pro pru af ef if of uf | gra gre gri gro gru al el il ol ul | pha phe phi pho phu * A Child should be taught to pronounce ce, ci, cy, like se, si, sy ============================================================ T A B L E II. Words of Three and Four Letters. N. B. The following columns are to be read downwards or across the page, at the discretion of the instructor. A figure placed over the first word, marks the sound of the vowel in all that follow in that column. L E S S O N I. 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 5 bag big bog bug den cap bit dot fag dig dog dug hen gap cit get ----- p. 29 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 5 cag fig fog hug men lap hit hot gag jig hog lug pen map pit jot hag pig jog mug ten rap sit lot rag wig log tug wen tap wit not L E S S O N II. 2 5 2 2 2 5 2 2 Man sob bad bed bid fop bet but can job had fed did hop get cut pan mob lad led lid lop let hut ran rob mad red hid mop met nut van sob sad wed rid top yet put L E S S O N III. 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 Belt gilt band bled brag clod brad melt hilt hand bred drag plod clad felt milt land fled flag shod glad pelt jilt sand shed stag trod shad L E S S O N IV. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Clog glut blab chub damp bump bend flog shut drab club camp jump lend frog smut crab drub lamp lump mend grog slut scab rub ramp pump send L E S S O N V. 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 Bind bold call bill bent best brim find hold fall fill dent lest* grim mind fold gall hill lent nest skim kind sold hall kill sent jest swim wind gold tall mill went pest trim * Not least. //C 2// ----- [page image] p. 30 L E S S O N VI. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lace dice fade bide cage bake dine made mice bade ride page cake fine trace nice made side rage make pine pace rice wade wide wage wake wine L E S S O N VII. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gale cape pipe cope dire date drive pale rape ripe hope hire hate five sale tape wipe rope fire fate hive vale spe type pope wire grate rive L E S S O N V. Cote file dame fare bore bone nose mote bile fame mare fore cone dose note pile came rare tore hone hose vote vile name tare wore tone rose ============================================================ T A B L E III. L E S S O N I. 2 2 1 1 1 1 Blank blush fleet brace price brine bank flush sheet chace slice shine frank plush street grace pace swine prank crush greet space twice twine L E S S O N II. 2 2 1 1 1 1 Band bless crime broke blade blame grand dress chime choke spade flame stand press prime cloke trade shame strand stress slime smoke shade frame ----- p. 31 L E S S O N III. 1 1 1 2 2 1 Brake blare brave hence mince bleed drake glare crave fence since breed flake share grave pence pince speed spake snare slave sense rince steed L E S S O N IV. 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 And ill age his rich less duke life act ink aim has held mess mule wife apt fact aid hast gift kiss rule safe ell fan ice hath dull miss time bade ebb left ale add till tush tune save egg self ace elf will hush mute here end else ape pen well desk maze robe ------------------------------------------------------------ T A B L E IV. Easy Words of Two Syllables, accented on the First. When the stress of voice falls on a vowel, it is necessarily long, and is marked by the figure 1. When the stress of the voice falls on a consonant, the preceding vowel is necessarily short, and is marked figure 2. No figures are placed over the vowels in unaccented syllables, because they are all short. It must be observed, however, that in unaccented terminating syllables, almost all vowels are pronounced like i and u short, thus: al is pronounced ul rural rurul et it fillet fillit This is the general rule in the language, originating doubtless, from this cause; that short i and u are pronounced with a less apperture or opening of the mouth, with less exertion of the organs, and consequently with more ease than the other vowels in these terminating syllables: for in order to pronounce them rightly, nothing more is requisite than to lay a proper stress of the voice on the accented syllable, and pronounce the unaccented syllables with more ease and rapidity. When any of these terminations are accented, as some of them are, the vowel retains its own sound; as compel, lament, depress, &c. The figures are placed over the vowels of the accented syllables; and one figure marks all the words that follow, till it is contradicted by another figure. ----- [page image] p. 32 1 li-are tra-der buf-fet Ba-ker li-on ti-dings bur-gess bri-er ma-ker to-ry car-rot ci-der mo-dish to-tal chan-nel cra-zy mo-ment tri-al chap-man cri-er ne-gro† tru-ant chap-ter cru-el o-ver tu-mult chat-ter dan-ger pa-gan tu-tor chil-dren di-al pa-per va-cant chil-ly di-et pa-pist va-grant cin-der du-ty pi-lot va-ry cut-ter dy-er pli-ant vi-per dif-fer dra-per po-et vi-tal din-ner fa-tal pre-cept vo-cal drum-mer fe-ver pru-dent wa-fer el-der fi-nal qui-et wa-ger em-bers fla-grant ra-ker wa-ges em-blem flu-ent re-al wo-ful en-ter fru-gal ri-der 2 fac-tor fu-el ri-ot ab-bot fag[-]got glo-ry ru-by ac-tor fan-cy gi-ant ru-in ad-der fan-tom gra-vy ru-ler ad-vent fat-ling gru-el ru-ral al-lum fer-ret ho-ly sa-cred am-ber fil-let hu-man* se-cret an-gel†† flan-nel i-cy sha-dy bal-lad flat-ter i-dol si-lent bank-er flut-ter i-vy so-ber ban-ter fran-tic ju-ry spi-der bap[-]tist fun-nel ju-lep sto-ry bat-ter gal-lop la-dy stu-dent bet-ter gam-mon la-zy stu-pid bit-ter gan-der le-gal ta-per blun-der gar-ret * Not yuman. † not negur. †† not anegel. ----- p. 33 gen-try ma-tron fat-tin tim-ber gib-bet mem-ber scan-dal trench-er gip-sy mer-ry scat-ter trum-pet glim-mer mil-ler sel-dom†† tum-bler glit-ter mit-ten self-ish tur-key gul-let mur-der sen-tence vel-lum gun-ner mud-dy shat-ter vel-vet gus-set mur-mur shep herd ves[-]sel gut-ter mut-ter shil-ling vic-tim ham-let num-ber sig-nal vic-tim han-sel nut-meg sil-ver ug-ly hap-py on-ly sin-ner ul-cer hin-der* pam-per slat-tern un-der hun-dred pan-nel slen-der up-per hun-ter pan-try slum-ber ut-most in-sect pat-tern smug-gler ut-ter in-step pat-ron spin-net wed-ding in-to pen-cil spir-it†† wil-ful jest-er pen-ny splen-did wis-dom kin-dred pep-per splen-dor 4 king-dom pil-fer splin-ter art-less kins-man pil-grim sub-ject art-ist lad-der plum-met sud-den af-ter lan-tern† pup-py suf-fer 5 lap-pet ram-mer sul-len chop-per lat[-]ter ran-som sul-try com-ment let-ter rec-tor sum-mon com-mon lim-ber rem-nant tal-ly con-duct lim-ner ren-der tan-ner con-cord lit-ter ren-net tat-tler con-gress luc-ky rub-bish tem-per con-quest mam-mon sad-dler ten-der con-sul man-na sal-ad ten-dril con-vert man-ner san-dy ten-ter doc-tor *Not Hender. †Not Lantorn. ††Not Sperrit. ----- [page image] p. 34 dros-sy jol-ly sot-tish per-fect† dol-lar mot-to 2 per-son fod-der on-set cler-gy ser-mon fol-ly of-fer er-rand* ser-pent fop-pish of-fice her-mit ser-vant hor-rid pot-ter ken-nel ver-min joc-ky rob-ber mer-cy† *Not Arrant. †Not Marcy, Parfect. &c. ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE V. Easy Words of Two Syllables, accented on the Second. N. B. In general, when a vowel in an unaccented syllable stands alone, or ends a syllable,* it has its first sound as in pro-tect; yet, as we do not dwell upon the vowel, it is short and weka. When the vowel, in such syllables, is joined to a consonant, it has its second sound; as ad-dress. 1 con-jure e-lope in-vite A-base con-sume en-dure mis-name a-b-de cre-ate en-force mis-place a-dore de-cide en-gage mis-rule a-like de-clare en-rage mis-take al-lude de-duce en-rol mo-rose a-lone de-fy en-sue par-take a-maze de-fine en-tice per-spire as-pire de-grade en-tire po-lite a-tone de-range e-vade pre-pare at-tire de-note for-sworn pro-mote be-fore de-pute fore-seen re-bate be-have de-rive im-brue re-buke be-hold dis[-]like im-pale re-cite com-ply dis-place in-cite re-cline com-pute dis-robe in-flame re-duce com-plete dis-taste in-trude re-late con-fine di-vice in-sure re-ly *But if a vowel unaccented ends the word, it has its second sound as in cit-y. ----- p. 35 re-mind cor-rect in-struct trans-cend re-plete cor-rupt in-vest trans-gress re-vere de-duct mis-give trans-plant se-duce de-fect mis-print tre-pan sub-lime de-fend mis-trust un-apt su-pine de-press mo-lest un-bend su-preme de-tect neg-lect un-fit sur-vive di-rect ob-struct un-hing tra-duce dis-band oc-cur un-hurt trans-late dis-miss of-fence un-man un-bind dis-sent o-mit 4 un-told dis-tinct op-press de-bar un-fo[l]d dis-trust per-mit de-part un-glue dis-tract por-tend dis-arm un-kind dis-turb pre-tend dis-card un-lace ef-fect pre-dict em-balm un-ripe e-mit pro-ject em-bark un-safe en-rich pro-tect en-chant 2 e-vent pro-test en-large ab-rupt e-vince re-cant huzza ab-surd ful-fil re-fit un-arm ac-cept fi-nance re-lax un-bar ad-dict gal-lant re-mit 5 ad-dress him-self re-press ab-hor ad-mit im-pend re-tract re-volve a-mend im-plant re-trench re-volt a-midst im-press ro-bust des-pond as-cend im-print ro-mance un-lock be-set in-camp se-dan 2 ca-nal in-cur se-lect con-cert col-lect in-dent sub-ject de-fer com-pel in-fect sub-mit di-vert* con-duct in-fest sub-tract in-verse con-tend in-flict sus-pense in-vert con-tent in-still trans-act *Not di-vart, &c. ----- [page image] p. 36 per-vert re-fer de-ter in-ter per-verse con-fer in-fer ============================================================T A B L E VI. Easy Words of Three Syllables; the full Accent on the First, and a weak Accent on the Third. 1 al-co-ran dig-ni-ty in-cre-ment cru-ci-fix an-i-mal dil-i-gent in-di-go cru-el-ty an-nu-al div-i-dend in-dus-try de-cen-cy ac-ci-dent dul-ci-mer in-fan-cy di-a-dem al-i-ment ec-sta-cy in-fan-try di-a-mond ad-a-mant ed-i-tor in-fi-del di-a-lect am-i-ty ef-fi-gy in-stru-ment dra-pe-ry am-nes-ty el-e-ment in-te-ger droll-e-ry ar-ro-gant el-e-gy in-tel-lect du-ti-ful bar-ris-ter em-bas-sy in-te-rest flu-en-cy but-ter-y eb-o-ny in-ter-val i-ro-ny ben-e-fit em-bry-o jus-ti-fy i-vo-ry big-a-my em-e-rald leg-a-cy la-zi-ness big-ot-ry em-pe-ror len-i-ty li[-]bra-ry but-ter-fly en-e-my lep-ro-cy lu-na-cy cal-i-co en-mi-ty lev-i-ty no-ta-ry cal-en-der en-ti-ty lib-e-ral nu-me-ral cab-i-net ep-i-gram lib-er-ty nu-tri-ment can-is-ter es-cu-lent lig-a-ment o-ver-plus can-i-bal ev-e-ry lin-e-al po-et-ry can-o-py fac-ul-ty lit-a-ny pri-ma-cy cap-i-tal fac-to-ry lit-e-ral pri-ma-ry chast-i-ty fam-i-ly lit-ur-gy pu-ri-ty cin-na-mon fel-o-ny lux-u-ry re-gen-cy cit-i-zen fes-ti-val man-i-fest ru-di-ment clar-i-fy fin-ic-al man-i-fold se-cre-cy clas-si-cal fish-e-ry man-ner-ly scru-ti-ny clem-en-cy gal-lant-ry mar-i-ner si-mo-ny cler-i-cal gal-le-ry med-i-cal stu-pi-fy cur-ren-cy gar-ri-son mel-o-dy tu-te-lar cyl-in-der gen-e-ral mem-o-ry ty-ran-ny den-i-zen gun-ne-ry mes-sen-ger va-can-cy det-ri-ment hap-pi-ness mil-le-ner va-gran-cy dif-fi-dent her-ald-ry min-e-ral 2 dif-fer-ent im-ple-ment min-is-ter ad-mi-ral dif-fi-cult im-pu-dent mus-cu-lar ----- p. 37 mys-te-ry rev-er-end vag-a-bond oc-cu-py nat[-]u[-]ral rit-u-al van-i-ty of-fi-cer pan[-]o-ply riv-u-let vic-to-ry or-a-tor par[-]a[-]dox sac-ra-ment vil-la[-]ny or-i-gin par-a[-]gon sal-a-ry vin-e-gar or-na-ment par[-]al[-]lax sat-is-fy ur-gen-cy or-re-ry par-al[-]lel sec-u-lar wag-gon-er ot-to-man par[-]a[-]pet sed-i[-]ment wil-der-ness pol-i-cy par-i-ty sen-a-tor 4 pol-i-tic pat[-]ri-ot sen-ti[-]ment har-bin-ger pop-u-lar ped-ant[-]ry sen-ti-nel har-mo-ny pov-er-ty ped-i-gree sev-er-al harp-si-chord prob-i-ty pen-al-ty sil-la-bub 5 prod-i-gal pen-u-ry sim-i-lar cod-i-cil prod-i-gy pes-ti-lent sin-gu-lar col-o-ny prom-i-nent pil-lo-ry sin-es-ter com-e-dy prop-er-ty prac-ti-cal slip-pe-ry com-ic-al pros-o-dy prin[-]ci[-]pal sub-si-dy con-ju-gal prot-est-ant pub-lic-an sum-ma-ry con-ti-nent quan-da-ry punc-tu-al sup-ple-ment con-tra-band 2 pun-gen-cy sym-me-try con-tra-ry cer-ti-fy* pyr-a[-]mid tam-a[-]rind doc-u-ment mer-cu-ry qua[-]dru-ped tap-es-try drop-si-cal per-fi-dy qual-i-ty tem-po-ral glob-u-lar per-ju-ry quan-ti-ty ten-den-cy glos-sa-ry per-ma-nent rad-ic-al ten-e-ment hos[-]pi-tal per-ti-nent rar-i-ty ter-ri-fy lot-te-ry ter-ma-gent reg-u-lar tes-ta-ment mon-u-ment rem-e-dy tit-u-lar nom-i-nal rib-ald-ry typ-i-cal oc-cu-lar * Not sartify, marcury, &c. ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE VII. Easy Words of Three Syllables accented on the Second. 1 al-lure-ment a-tone-ment A-base-ment ap-pa-rent co-e-qual a-gree-ment ar-ri-val con-fine-ment al-li-ance a-maze-ment de-ci-pher //D// ----- [page image] p. 38 de-co-rum af-fect-ed en-camp-ment de-ni-al ag-gress-or e-quip[-]ment de-cri-al a-mend-ment er-ra-tic de-port-ment ap-pa-rel es-tab-lish de-po-nent ap-[p]en-dix hys-ter-ic dic-ta-tor as-cen-dant in-ces-sant di-plo-ma as-sas-sin in-cle-ment en-rol-ment as-sem-bly in-cum-bent en-tice-ment at-tach-ment in[-]ha-bit e-qua-tor at-tend-ant in-sip-ed [sic] he-ro-ic be-gin-ning in-trin-sic il-le-gal be-wil[-]der in-val-id im-pru-dent co-ha-bit ma-lig-nant oc-ta-vo col-lect-or mo-nas-tic op-po-nent con-sid-er noc-tur-nal po[-]ma-tum con-tin-gent pa-cif-ic pri-me-val con-tract-or pe-dant-ic re-ci-tal de-cant-er po-lem-ic re-li-ance de-lin-quent pre-cept-or re-qui-tal de-liv-er pro-hib-it spec-ta-tor de-mer-it pro-lif-ic sub-scri-ber de-tach-ment pro-tect-or sur-vi-vor di-lem-ma pu-is-sant tes-ta-tor di-mi-nish re-dund-ant tes-ta-trix dis-sent-er re-fresh-ment trans-la-tor dis[-]tem-per re-lin-quent trans-pa-rent dis-tin-guish re-luc-tant tri[-]bu-nal di-ur-nal re-mem-ber ver-ba-tim dog-ma-tic re-ple-nish vol-ca-no do-mes-tic re-plev-in un-e-qual dra-ma-tic re-pug-nant un-mind-ful e-ject-ment re-pub-lish 2 em-bar-rass ro-man-tic a-ban-don em-bel-lish se-ques-ter ac-cus-tom em-pan-nel spe-ci-fic ----- [p. 39] sur-ren-der 5 im-mor-al to-bac-co a-bo-lish im-pos-tor trans-cen-dant ac-com-plish im-prop-[-]er trans-gres-sor ad-mon-ish in-con-stant tri-um-phant as-ton-ish in-sol-vent um-brel-la de-mol-ish un-god-ly im-mo-dest ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE VIII. Easy Words of Three Syllables, accented on the First and Third. 1 o-ver-take in-di-rect al-a-mode re-con-cile in-cor-rect dev-o-tee ref-u-gee in-ter-mix dis-a-gree su-per-cede o-ver-turn dom-i-neer su-per-scribe o-ver-run im[-]ma-ture vol-un-teer re-col-lect im-por-tune un[-]der-mine re-com-mend in-com-mode 2 rep-re-hend in[-]ter-cede ap-pre-hend su-per-add in-tro-duce con-de-scend un-der-stand mis-ap-ply con-tra-dict un-der-sell mis[-]be-have dis-pos-sess ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE IX. Easy Words of Four Syllables; the full Accent the First, and the half Accent on the Third. 1 ac-ri-mo-ny cer-e-mo-ny Lu-mi-na-ry ad-mi-ral-ty cus-tom-a-ry mo-ment-a-ry ad-ver-sa-ry del-i-ca-cy nu-ga-to-ry al[-]i-mo-ny dif-fi-cul-ty 2 al-le-go-ry dil-a-to-ry ac-cu-ra[-]cy bre-vi-a-ry ep-i-lep-sy ----- [page image] p. [4]0 em-is-sa-ry pres-a-t-ry 5 ig-no-mi-ny pur[-]ga-to-ry com[-]ment-a-ry in-ti-ma-cy sal-u-ta-ry com-mis-sa-ry in-tri-ca-cy sanc-tu-a-ry con[-]tro-ver-sy in-vent-o-ry sec-re-ta-ry mon-as-te-ry man-da-to-ry sed-en-ta-ry ob-sti-na-cy ma-tri-mo-ny stat-u-a-ry prom-is-so-ry mis-cel-la-ny sump-tu-a-ry prom-on-to-ry mil[-]i-ta-ry ter-ri[-]to[-]ry vo-lun[-]ta-ry pat-ri-mo-ny tes-ti-mo-ny 2 plan-et-a-ry rib-u-ta-ry mer-cen-a-ry preb-end-a-ry The words het-e-ro-dox, lin-e-a-ment, pa-tri-ot-ism, sep-tu-a-gint, have the full accent on the first syllable, and the half accent on the last. ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE X. Easy Words of Four Syllables, accented on the Second. 1 fu-u[-]ri-ty va-cu-i-ty a-e-ri[-]al gram-ma-ri-an va-ri-e-ty an-nu-i-ty gra-tu-i-ty ab-surd-i-ty ar-mo-ri-al his[-]to-r-ian ac-tiv-i-ty cen-tu-ri-on li-bra-ri-an ac-cess[-]a-ry col-le-gi-al ma-te-ri-al ac-cess-o-ry com-mu-ni-cant ma-tu-ri-ty ad-min-is-ter com-mu-ni-ty me-mo-ri-al ad[-]ver-si-ty con-gru-i-ty mer-cu-ri-al a-dult-e-ry con-nu-bi-al ob-scu-ri-ty af-fin[-]i-ty cor-po-re-al ob-du-ra-cy a-nal-o-gy cre-du-li[-]ty pro-pri-e-ty a-nat-o-my cri-te[-]ri-on se-cu-ri-ty an-tag-o-nist e-le-gi-ac so[-]bri-e-ty ar-til-le-ry ----- p. 41 a[-]vid-i-ty fi-del-i-ty re-cip-ro-cal bar-ba-ri-ty for-mal-i-ty re-pub-li-can bru-tal-i-ty fru-gal-i-ty sab-bat-ic-al ca-lam[-]i-ty gram-mat-i-cal sa-tan-i-cal cap-ti-vi-ty ha-bit-u-al scur-ril-i[-]ty ce-lib-a[-]cy hos-til-i-ty se-ve-ri-ty ci-vil-i-ty hu-man-i-ty sig-nif-i-cant cli-mac-ter-ic hu-mil-i-ty se-ren-i-ty co-in-ci-dent i-den-ti-ty sin[-]cer-i-ty col-lat-e-ral im-men-si-ty so[-]lem-ni-ty com-pa-ri-son im-ped-i-ment su-prem-a-cy com-pet-i-tor ju-rid-ic-al ter-res-tri-al com-pul-so-ry le-vit-i-cal tran-quil=i=ty con[-]jec[-]tu-ral lon-gev-i-ty ty-ran-nic-al con-spi-ra[-]cy ma-lev[-]o-lent va-lid[-]i-ty con-sit-u-ent ma-lig-ni-ty ve-nal-i-ty de-cliv-i-ty mil-len-ni-um vi-cin-i-ty de[-]lin-quen-cy mo-ral-i-ty 5 de-pra-vi-ty mu-nif-i-cent a-pol-o-gy di-am-e-ter na-tiv-i-ty a-pos-ta-cy dis-par0i-ty ne-ces-si[-]ty as-trol-o-gy di[-]vin-i-ty no-bil-i-ty as-tron-o-my ef-fec-tu-al nu-mer-ic-al bi-og-ra-phy e-lec-tri-cal om-nip-o-tent com-mo-i-ty em-pyr-e-al par[-]ti[-]cu-lar con-com-i-tant e-pis-co-pal per-pet-u-al de-moc[-]ra-cy e-pit-o-me po-lit-ic[-]al de-spond-den-cy e-quiv-a-lent po-lig-a[-]my e-con-o-my e-quiv-o-cal pos-ter-i-ty ge-om-e-try e-van-ge-list pre-cip-i-tant hy-poc-ri-cy e-vent-u-al pre-dic[-]a-ment ma-jor-i[-]ty fa-tal-i-ty pro-fun-di-ty me-trop-o-lis fer-til-i-ty pros-per-i-ty mi-nor-i-ty fes-tiv-i-ty ra-pid-i-ty mo-nop-o-ly //D 2// ----- [page image] p. 42 pre-dom-i-nate 2 hy-per-bo-le pri[-]or-i-ty ad-ver-si-ty pro-ver-bi-al tau-tol[-]o-gy di-ver-si-ty sub-ser-vi-ent ver-bos-i-ty e-ter-ni-ty ------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE XI. Easy Words of Four Syllables, the full Accent on the Third, and the half Accent on the First. 1 mal-e-fac-tor An-te-ce-dent man[-]i[-]fest-o ap-pa-ra-tus mem-o-ran-dum com-men-ta-tor or-ri-ent-al me-di-a-tor or-na-ment-al sa-cer-do-tal pan-e-gyr-ic su-per-i-sor pred-e-ces-sor 2 sci-en-tif-ic ac[-]ci-dent-al sys-tem-a[-]tic ar-o-mat-ic 5 cal-i-man-co cor-res-pon-dent de-tri-ment-al hor-i-zon-tal en[-]er[-]get-ic 2 fun-da-ment-al u-ni-ver-sal in-u-en-do ------------------------------------------------------------Having proceeded through tables comprising easy words, from one to four syllables, let the learner begin the following tables, which consist of more difficult words. In these the child will be much assisted by a knowledge of the figures, and the use of the Italics. If the instructor should think it useful to let his pupils read some of the easy lessons before they have finished spelling, he may divide their studies--let them spell one part of the day and read the other. ----- p. 43 TABLE XII. Difficult and irregular Monosyllables. I would recommend this table to be read sometimes across the page to make children attentive to the different ways of expressing the same sound, &c. 1 ail claim flea veal Bay hail maim key weal day tail waif spray zeal hay flail stage stay peal lay snail gauge stray beal say laird plague stray ceil may aid vague gay eel pay maid bait flay staid pray stair state play laid sway swear great beard braid fray wear gait dail air clay bear wait tail chair way tear plait leap fair ray brain strait neap hair bray chain graze reap pair stray grain praise cheap squeal slay slain raise heap beer spay train baize steel peer yea rain rase kneel deer jail main maize teal fear pail plain shave feel dear fail sprain brave keel hear rail stain knave deal rear frail twain break heal veer wail vain steak meal drear mail wain be peel clear nail paint pea reel shear trail quaint sea seal steer bail aim tea steal bier ----- [page image] p. 44 year plead deaf heat sleeve cheer deem leaf teat grieve hear seem sheaf beak reeve blear cream fief leak leave ear dream lief weak lieve fear stream neif bleak reave smear beam plea sneak beeves spear trait flee speak eaves lain haste bee freak greaves pain paste deep squeak freeze strain wait keep reef sneeze gain chaste weep cheek breeze blain taste steep wreak ease drain traipse sleep fleak squeeze fain change creep screak cheese faint strange sheep shriek frieze taint blaze fleece sleek please faint steam peace streak seize tear seam cease seen ease queer gleam lease bean speech deed scream geese clean leach feed fleam niece mien beach need fream piece queen reach weed ream grease wean teach bead team crease keen screech lead least meet glean breach read feast bleat splean bleach seed yeast cheat dean each creed beast treat green peach heed priest meat quean field mead east seat yean yield knead reef feat lean shield reed grief beat mean wield bleed brief neat heave fiend breed chief feet cleave league ----- [p. 45] teague bright snow more told tweag fight stow four cold leash blight strow pour mould liege fright dough door port dry wight sloe roar sport bye wright mole boar court fly clime pole hoar goad cry rhime soal oar load sky climb foal soar road lie smile goal oat woad die stile roll boat soap eye guile poll doat froze buy mild boll goat close try child toll moat prose fry wild foul bloat chose pie stride scroll float coach wry bride coal joak poach high guide shoal oak roach nigh guise bowl croak broach sigh fro prowl cloak folks by doe stroll soak coax fie toe troll tone foam hie bow brogue own roam vie mow rogue known comb light tow vogue groan loam might row most blown shorn height owe post flown sworn night slow host mown mouth right glow ghost sown force sight blow boast moan course tight slow roast loan hoarse flight know coast shown source sleight grow toast old coarse ----- [page image] p. 46 board yew hence stench wink hoard chew pence quench pink goard clew fence wench cinque sword ewe lapse wrench prism holme slue flat drench schism oaf mew gnat fetch chip loaf cure sash sketch skip due pure clash wretch ship true your gash spend strip you rude strap friend scrip glue prude wrap blend spin sue shrewd shall badge chin dew crude bled fadge twin few feud dead edge skin new fheum stead hedge guilt lieu muse read wedge built view bruise tread sledge quilt flew use bread ledge build grew cruise* spread sedge drift screw spruce shred pledge shift brew juice head dredge swift blew use cleanse fledge twist drew cruse† realm bridge wrist knew sluice drachm bilge risque crew fruit deck helve shrill hew bruit neck twelve skill strew suit peck delve spill shrew mewl check valve chill flew 2 speck guess ditch blue jamb wreck breast pitch rue lamb meant guest witch shrew plaid sense sweat twitch spew limb tense debt niche stew gaunt bench stem hinge tew dense clench phlegm singe *A voyage. †A small cup. ----- p. 47 cringe dost drudge tost spawn fringe 2 shrub war yawn twinge curl scrub for† laud glimse hurl bulge nor fraud since churl gurge taught broad rince drum surge caught cord wince dumb purge brought lord teint crumb plunge fought ward brick numb curse ought gauze stick plumb purse wrought cause kick much 3 fought pause wick such law groat clause quick touch shaw fraught torch spit crutch taw naught scorch knit burst maw form gorge twit stuff raw storm all five snuff pay swarm tall sieve rough saw warm fall ridge tough awe born hall 1 plump gnaw corn gall none stump straw warn pall stone trump flaw corse ball home lurch draw horn call bolt church chaw morn wall colt young claw fawn maul joult gulph craw lawn scrawl boult nymph haw dawn sprawl dolt hymn jaw pawn squall moult judge cost* sawn yawl coat grudge lost brawn awl * Perhaps o and a in the words cost, horn, warm, &c. may be considered as coming more properly under figure 5: but the liquids that follow them have such an effect in lengthening the syllable, that it appears more natural to place them under figure 3. A similar remark applies to a in bar. † These words, when unemphatical, are necessarily short. ----- [page image] p. 48 haul calk harp half march stall daub bard calf parch small bawd card laugh starch crawl warp lard craft harsh brawl wasp guard shaft charge bawl want pard waft large caul 4 yard raft barge drawl sauce branch raught farce wart balm launch aft parse sort calm staunch haft calve short palm haunch pant halve quart psalm blanch grant salve snort qualm craunch slant gape bald alms carp ant earn scald bask harp aunt darn off cask sharp daunt sarn oft ask scarp flaunt yarn lost mask carve haunt bar soft task starve jaunt far cross ark arm taunt scar dross bark harm vaunt spar moss dark charm cast star loss hark farm past tar horse mark art last czar corpse lark cart blast car dwarf park dart fast char cough spark hart gast jar trough arc mart mast mar fork shark part mass par cork stark tart pass barb hawk asp start lass garb balk clasp smart brass carle walk hasp chart class marle talk rasp heart glass snarl chalk gasp staff grass chance stalk grasp chaff arch dance ----- [p. 49] prance bond noon groove rook lance fond loon noose shook glance pond swoon choose croup trance wand bourn lose wood scarf storm poor boose stood laste wrong tour coze good 1 botch moor ouse hood dock scotch boor coo could mock mosque cool two would clock blot fool do should shock yacht tool shoe wolf knock scoat stool loo hoof drop halt pool woo roof crop salt spool proof loof shop malt droop woof soon swap fault scoop loose hoop† wan vault troop goose coop swan false loop moose poop gone bronze soup spoon full wash 6 group roost bull swash doom hoop* 7 pull watch room boot root wool was boom coot foot bush waft loom toot shoot push knob bloom hoot book puss swab groom moot cook 2 wad womb food hook earl dodge tomb rood look pearl lodge broom brood took skirt†† bodge spoon mood brook verse podge boon move crook fierce fosse moon prove stook pierce * To cry out, but more commonly spelt whoop. † Of a cask. †† Under this figure, in the words skirt, firm &c. i has the sound of second e. //E// ----- [page image] p. 50 tierce wert world tete quoif herse 9 front feint ou & ow terse run ront veil now verge son wont cow serge ton dove oi & oy how dirge won love oil bow virge done shove spoil mow vert one* glove soil sow term come twirl broil vow firm some dunce toil brow germe bomb once† foil plow sperm clomb monk boil gough strip rhomb tongue coil slough chip dirt birch join out jerk shirt sponge coin stout perk flirt 10 loin oust smerk wort heir groin trout yerk birt trey boy gout quirk spirt sley joy pout herb squirt prey toy clout verb kirk grey coy rout fir work weigh cloy shout myrrh bird eigh buoy spout fern word neigh point scout earn first rein joint doubt yearn worst vein voice bout earn worse feign choice drought†† stern blood deign moist our kern flood skein hoist four quern sir reign joist brown search her eight moise crown perch stir freight quoit drown swerve worm streight coif frown * Pronounced wun. † Pronounced wunce. †† Pronounced drouth. ----- p. 51 clown spouse hound fowl flounce gown drowse pound scowl couch town cloud round cowl vouch house crowd sound growl slouch louse loud ground howl pouch mouse proud wound* bounce gouge douse shroud foul ounce browse bound bowl pounce * The fashionable pronunciation is woond; but I choose to follow analogy. ============================================================ MONOSYLLABLES IN TH. The following have the first Sound of th, viz. as in thick, thin. 1 growth thank thatch filth throw quoth thick thill frith truth ruth thrift third plinth youth teeth thumb thrill splinth sheath thane thump thrust 3 heath thowl length thwak loth both thrave strength tilth cloth oath threw breath withe moth forth thrice death doth broth fourth thrive health smith sloth three throne wealth thrust troth throat throe threat thrum north theme throve hath thread thaw thigh 2 rath thrash thought thief thing pith depth thorn faith think with* width froth blowth thin theft breadth throll * In this word th has its first sound before a consonant, as in withstand; and its second sound before a vowel, as in without, with us. But in other compound words, th generally retains the sound of its primitive. ----- [page image] p. 52 thwart garth 6 girth thirl warmth lath tooth mirth ou 4 wrath through 9 south swath 5 2 third mouth path throb earth thirst hearth throng dearth worth bath thong birth month The following have the second Sound of th, as in thou. 1 those wreath the 10 Thy tithe writhe them they bathe these seethe thence there lathe though breathe than their swathe thee 2 6 ou clothe lithe this booth thou loathe hithe that smooth mouth meethe blithe then soothe teeth* thine thus * The noun teeth has the first sound of th, and the verb to teeth its second sound. The same is observed of mouth and to mouth[.] This is the reason why these words are found under both heads. The words mouth, moth, cloth, cath, path, swath, bath, lath have the first sound of th in the singular number, and the second in the plural. N. B. Foreigners are very apt to pronounce th like d as, dis dat, for this, that. A little care will break this habit both in children and adults. ============================================================ TABLE XIII. Lessons of easy Words, to teach Children to read, and to know their Duty. LESSON I. No man may put off the law of God. My joy is in his law all the day. O may I not go in the way of sin. Let me not go in the way of ill men. ----- p. 53 II. A bad man is a foe to the law. It is his joy to do ill. All men go out of the way. Who can say he has no sin? III. The way of man is ill. My son, do as you are bid. But if you are bid, do no ill. See not my sin, and let me not go to the pit. IV. Rest in the Lord, and mind his word. My son, hold fast the law that is good. You must not tell a lie, nor do hurt. We must let no man hurt us. V. Do as well as you can, and do no harm. Mark the man that doth well, and do so too. Help such as want help, and be kind. Let your sins past, put you in mind to mend. VI. I will not walk with bad men; that I may not be cast off with them. I will love the law and keep it. I will walk with the just and do good. VII. This life is not long, but the life to come has no end. We must pray for them that hate us. We must love them that love not us. We must do as we like to be done to. VIII. A bad life will make a bad end. He must live well that would die well. He doth live ill that doth not mend. //E 2// ----- [page image] p. 54 In time to come we must do no ill. IX. No man can say that he has done no ill. For all men have gone out of the way. There is none that doth good: no, not one. If I have done harm, I must do it no more. X. Sin will lead us to pain and woe. Love that which is good and shun vice. Hate no man, but love both friends and foes. A bad man can take no rest day nor night. XI. He that came to save us will wash us from all sin; I will be glad in his name. A good boy will do all that is just; he will flee from vice; he will do good, and walk in the way of life. Love not the world, nor the things that are in the world; for they are sin. I will not fear what flesh can do to me; for my trust is in him who made the world. He is nigh to them that pray to him, and praise his name. XII. Be a good child: mind your book; love your school, and strive to learn. Tell no tales; call no ill names; you must not lie, nor swear, nor cheat, nor steal. Play not with bad boys; use no ill words at play; spend your time well; live in peace; and shun all strife. This is the way to make good men love you, and save your soul from pai and woe. XIII. A good child will not lie, swear nor steal. He ----- p. 55 will be good at home, and ask to read his book, when he gets up, he will wash his hands and face clean; he will comb his hair, and make haste to school; he will not play by the way, as bad boys do. XIV. When good boys and girls are at school, they will mind their books, and try to learn to spell and read well, and not play in time of school. When they are at church, they will sit, kneel or stand still; and when they are at home, will read some good book, that God may bless them. XV. As for those boys and girls that mind not their books, and love not church and school, but play with such as tell tales, tell lies, curse, swear and steal they will come to some bad end, and must be whipt till they mend their ways. ============================================================ TABLE XIV. Words of Two Syllables, accented on the First. 1 dai-ly hind-most mea-zles A-cre da-sy hoar-y ni-ter a-pron dea-con hu-mor oat-meal bare-foot dot-age jew-el past-ry beast-ly eve-ning jui-cy pi-ous brew-er fa-vor knave-ry peo-ple beau-ty fla-vor knight-hood plu-mage brok-en fea-ture li-ver pa-rent boat-swain fe-male la-bor pro-logue bow-sprit for-ward le-gion quo-ta brave-ry grate-ful may-or rhu-barb ca-ble griev-ous me-ter ri-fle cheap-en gno-mon mi-ter rogu-ish ----- [page image] p. 56 re-gion bus-tle driv-en hind-rance sea-son cam-el dud-geon hus-band spright[-]ly cap-tain dun-geon hum-ble sti-fle cen-sure drunk-ard husk-y ste-ple [sic] chap-el dust-y im-age bol-ster chast-en ec-logue in-stance coul-ter cher-ish en-gine in-ward slave-ry chim-ney en-trails isth-mus shoul-der car-ry er-ror jeal-ous tai-lor car-riage fash[-]ion jour-nal trea-ty ci-ty fau-cet knuc-kle wea-ry clam-our fat-ten knap-sack wo-ful clean-ly fes-ter lan-guage wri-ter cred-it fer-riage lan-gour wain-scot crev-ice fid-dle land-lord 6 crick-et flag-on le-vel ab-sence crust-y frec-kle lim-it ab-bey chrys-tal frus-trate lus-ter am-ple cup-board fur-lough lunch-eon asth-ma cus-tom ges-ture mad-am an-cle crib-bage gante-lope mal-ice bal-ance cul-ture gin-gle man-gle bel-fry cous-in glis-ten mas-tiff bash-ful cut-lass grand-eur mel-on bish-op dam-age grav-el mer-it blem[-]ish dam-ask grum-ble min-gle blus-ter dam-sel guin-ea mis-tress brim-stone dam-son gud-geon mis-chief brick-kiln dan-druff hand-ful mus-ket blud-geon dac-tyl hab-it mus-lin bel-lows debt-or has-soc mus-ter bis-cuit dim-ple hav-oc mar-riage brit-tle dis-tance heif-er nev-er buck-ram dou[-]ble heav-y nim-ble ----- p. 57 pad-lock scis-sors ven-tur-e morn-ing pam-phlet seven-night vin-tage mor-tal pen-ance scep-ter vis-it mort-gage pes-ter spec-ter vis-age naugh-ty phren-zy scrib-ble vict-uals saw-yer pis-mire scuf-fle ven-geance tor-ment plan-et sin-ew veni-son wa-ter pleas-ant sim-ple vine-yard 4 peas-ant sin-gle waist-coat sau-cy pin-cers scep-tic wed-lock sau-cer prat-tle smug-gle wick-ed an-swer pun-ish span-gle wran-gle barb-er puz-zle spig-ot wrap-er brace-let pic-ture spit-tle wres-tle cart-er pur-chase spin-dle wrist-band cham-ber prac-tise squad-ron wea-pon craft-y phthis-ic sup-ple wid-geon char-coal punch-eon subt-le zeal-ot flask-et quick-en stur-geon zeal-ous gar-land quad-rant sur-geon zeph-yr ghast-ly ram-ble tal-ent yeom-an gar-ment rap-id tal-on 3 har-lot rat-tle tan-gle bor-der har-vest reb-el tat-tle cor-ner jaun-dice rel-ish tav-ern slaugh-ter mar-gin rig-our tempt-er daugh-ter mar-ket ris-en ten-ant au-tumn mas-ter riv-er til-age for-tress mar-quis riv-et tip-ple for-tune par-cel ruf-fle tres-pass gau-dy par-don res-in trou-ble geor-gic par-lour sam-ple twink-ling gor-geous part-ner salm-on trans[-]port lau-rel pas-ture satch-el trun-cheon lord-ship psalm-ist scab-bard ven-om haugh-ty scar-let ----- [page image] p. 58 slan-der hon-or bo-som hon-ey 5 knowl-edge bush-y sove-reign al-way lodg-er worst-ed skir[-]mish bon-fire mod-est cush-ion shov-el cob-ler mod-ern bul-let squir-rel clos-et mon-strous bul-lock vir-gin col-league nov-el bul-ly wor-ship com-et nov-ice bul-wark wan-der com-rade prof-fer butch-er 10 con-quer prog-ress coop-er hei-nous cock-swain prom-ise cuck-oo neigh[-]bor con-duit pros-pect 2 ou ver-min cop-y pros-per ver-dict coun-cil con-trite stop-page ver[-]juice coun-ter con-fin spon-dee vir-tue coun-ty doc-trine wan-der ker-nel dough-ty flor-id wan-ton 9 drow[-]sy fon-dle war-rant con-jure moun-tain fore-head squan-der cov-er show-er frol-ic yon-der cir-cuit flow-er fal-chion 6 fir-kin bow-er grog-ram gloom-y com-pass pow-er gos-lin wo-man com-fort oy gos-head boo-by bor-ough voy-age hom-age 7 dir-ty hon-est bush-el gov-ern ============================================================ T A B L E. XV. Proverbs, Counsels, and Maxims in Words of One Syllable. I. HOT love is soon cold. Hope well and have well. ----- p. 59 The best may mend. Look ere you leap. Soon hot soon cold. All is well that ends well. All cannot hit the mark[.] Soft and fair goes far, [sic] Hold fast when you have it. Ill news will come too soon. Give an inch and take an ell. A good man is a wise man. II. A good cow may have a bad calf. You tell a tale to a deaf man. You have hit the nail on the head. You must not buy a pig in a poke. Help came when hope was gone. Two eyes see more than one. Time and tide will wait for no man. He is a fool that will not give an egg for an ox. You hold with the hare and run with the dogs. One may as well sit still as rise up and fall. As you brew so you must brake. [sic] A man may buy gold too dear. You cannot have more of the cat than her skin. You can spy a mote in his eye, but cannot see a beam in your own. He may well swim that is held up by the chin. III. A bird that can sing and will not must be made to sing[.] An ill life has an ill end. When wine is in, wit is out. As you make your bed so you must lie. A cat may look on a king. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ----- [page image] p. 60 Wit once bought is worth twice taught. A wise head makes a close mouth. Let not your tongue cut your throat. He that lies down with dogs, must rise up with fleas. If once a man fall, all will tread on him. There are more ways to the wood than one. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. As the old cock crows the young one learns. When the sky falls we will catch larks. IV. The more haste the worse speed. Love will creep where it dares not go. Tread on a worm and it will turn. You set the fox to guard the geese. New lords new laws. Fair words and foul play cheat both young and old, [sic] Pride will have a fall. He swims with the tide.'Out of sight out of mind. Win gold and wear it. Harm watch harm catch. Hope keeps the heart whole. Rome was not built in one day. Fair words hurt not the mouth. A burnt child dreads the fire. Make hay while the sun shines. V. The tree is known by its fruit. A new broom sweeps clean. When the storm is past then comes a calm. Look not a gift horse in the mouth. Hear with both ears and then judge. Do not think to catch old birds with chaff. Haste makes waste, and waste brings want. ----- p. 61 It is a base bird that fouls its own nest. A friend is not so soon got as lost. He that will not work should not eat. It is good to have two strings to one's bow. It is hard to teach an old dog new tricks. No sweat no sweet; no pains no gains; no cross no crown. A man may love his house well, though he rides not on the ridge. VI. A wise man hath his tongue in his heart, but a fool hath his heart on his tongue. Be more apt to hear than to speak, and to learn than to teach. Youth, like the spring will soon be past. All is not gold that shines. What is bred in the bone stays long in the flesh. He that would thrive must rise at five. Do all you can to be good, and you will be so. Mark the man that doth well & walk thou in his ways. He that will not when he may, When he would he shall have nay. Let the time past put thee in the mind of the ill thou hast done, and do so no more. VII. The time will come when we must all be laid in the dust. Keep thy tongue from ill, and thy lips from guile. Let thy words be plain, and true to the thoughts of the heart. He that strives to vex or hurt those that sit next to him, is a bad boy and will meet with foes, let him go where he will; but he that is kind, and loves to li